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Symptoms And Treatment Of Hiv / Aids - 1789 Words

Outline THESIS: Those diagnosed with HIV encounter a litany of complications other than a physical issue, many suffer from mental health illnesses. Many diagnosed with HIV deny the fact that they have this physical issue, resulting in insane mental health. Under the coping section, UCSF leans towards the emotional response to accepting the fact of carrying HIV. Dealing with HIV provides stress and disturbia towards being active, and seeking help. â€Å"Worldwide, 34 million people are HIV positive, 23.8 million or 69 % of these people suffering from this disease live in Africa† (World Health Organization). â€Å"More than one million adults and children die every year from HIV/AIDS in Africa alone† (World Health Organization). 75 million people people have been diagnosed with this illness, and suffer from psychological issues that progressed during their battle with the disease. 36 million people have died from HIV, and throughout their lives suffered from other illnesses, for example, depression, and a lack of motivation to take their medication. II. HIV/AIDS creates psychological effects for those who suffer from the virus, this leads to a progressive hole of continuous depression. Many people that are born with HIV/AIDS receive the virus from their mothers when they are born. â€Å"In July 2011, UNAIDS developed a Global Plan to eliminate new HIV infections amongst children by 2015 and keep their mothers alive, and identified 21 priority countries in sub-Saharan Africa† (UNAIDSShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Hiv / Aids1531 Words   |  7 PagesHuman immunodeficiency virus, also referred to as HIV, is a virus that weakens the body’s immune system which restricts it from fighting infectious diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016). HIV can be transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen, breast milk, or sexual contact (CDC, 2016). There are three stages as HIV progresses; the first stage takes place within the first month it is acquired. 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Do they know what this virus does to their body? Such questions make it necessary to examine what can be done. What is HIV; how do people get HIV; and what is being done to help them? HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Humans are the only beings that can get this infection. The HIV infection can find and attack a significantRead MoreHiv / Aids : The Virus And Its Effect On Human1547 Words   |  7 Pages HIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It is contracted through unprotected sex or needle sharing. An HIV test checks finding. Medications may subdue the virus and delay the onset of AIDS. HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source clear-sightednessRead MoreHiv / Aids : The Virus And Its Effect On Human1501 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human HIV stands for (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). This virus causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and it means the person is in the most advanced stages of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It can be transmitted through direct contact of a mucous member or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk and through unprotectedRead MoreHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many1400 Words   |  6 PagesHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many years. These viruses have destroyed many families and have taken many people’s lives. 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Impact of corporate social responsibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5029 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Summary The objective of this research is to study the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on financial performance. The trend of CSR addresses a major challenge in providing a broader representation of the business environment, understood not simply in its economic and financial but also social, human and ecological through an operationalization and verification of the theoretical model proposed in a sample of Tunisian firms, evidenced by a questionnaire sent to 30 companies Tunisian drawn. The results are the lack of link between CSR and financial performance measured by the accounting ROA, while there is a positive if financial performance is measured by ROE.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of corporate social responsibility" essay for you Create order Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility of Firms, Financial Performance, Rsum Lobjectif de cette recherche est dtudier limpact de la Responsabilit Socitale de lEntreprise (RSE) sur la performance financire. La RSE rpond un enjeu majeur, en proposant une reprsentation largie de lenvironnement des firmes, entendu non seulement dans ses dimensions conomiques et financires, mais aussi sociales, humaines et cologiques. A travers, une oprationnalisation et une vrification du modle thorique propos, au niveau dun chantillon dentreprises tunisiennes, matrialis, par un questionnaire adress 30 entreprises tunisiennes tir au sort. Les rsultats obtenus relvent labsence de lien entre la RSE et la performance financire mesure par lindicateur comptable ROA, alors quil existe un lien positif si la performance financire est mesure par lROE. Mots cls: Responsabilit Socitale de lEntreprise, Performance Financire 1- INTRODUCTION In the 1850s, the role of the company was seen as a purely economic, and bounded to the maximization of profit for shareholders. In this regard, such an approach is consistent with a classical view of the firm where management essentially concerns managers and shareholders (Friedman, 1970). Further, the company was faced increased pressure from its stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). In this regard; it should take into account the effects of its activities in the communities where it operates. This brings her back to reconsider its relations with its stakeholders and to reconcile the often conflicting objectives of various interest groups. The idea of social responsibility of business now (CSR) responds to this challenge by providing a broader representation of the business environment, understood not simply in its economic and financial but also social, human and ecological. Any company that wants to ensure its sustainability, an imperative for financial performance, but also should not ignore or largely ignore the societal benefit that is to say, to engage in a societal approach. The objective of this research is twofold , first to study the impact of CSR on financial performance. Second in a more explicit, we wish to study in the target companies in our survey, the degree of perception of the concept of social responsibility through five dimensions namely: economic, legal, ethical, discretionary, and environmental. In this part, our problem is as follows; What is the impact of social responsibility of corporate financial performance? 2. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COMPANY (CSR): TOWARDS THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW CONCEPT Being responsible is to ensure their actions and their consequences and to accept accountability. But when this term is applied to the company, it is a concept that can be understood in different ways. Nowadays, the definition and delimitation of the concept of social responsibility still the subject of controversy and conceptual differences. So, social responsibility has been the subject of increased attention by many organizations of diverse nature, the European and global institutions, professional associations and business networks, Its emergence is born with Bowen (1953) who scored in the first initiative CSR refers to the requirement for businessmen to carry out the policies, decisions and follow the guidelines spreading objectives and values that are considered desirable in our society. Subsequently, MC Guire (1963) argues in his work that the idea of social responsibility implies that the firm has not only economic or legal obligations but also has responsibilities to society that go beyond these obligations . Then, Davis (1973) emphasizes that CSR refers to the consideration by the business issues that go beyond its economic obligations and the technical equal and close to the answers that gives these companies problems. This means that CSR begins where law ends. For Carroll (1979) CSR integrates all economic expectations, legal, ethical and philanthropic society may have in respect of a company at a time. While Jones (1980) stresses the idea that companies, by then the statutory or contractual obligation to have a societal actors. Similarly, Wood (1991) anchors his discussion on the meaning of the liability can be seen that through the interplay of three principles: legitimacy, public responsibility and distinction of three levels of institutional analysis, organizational and individual. In reality, these definitions are generally content to highlight the discretionary nature of CSR, highlighting the fact that it recognized the dimensions beyond the purely economic or legal activity of the company. What brought Carroll (1979) distinguish four categories of CSR: The economic responsibility The legal liability, Responsibility Ethics Responsibility discretion. 2.1 Approaches to CSR measures Measuring CSR is a necessary condition for knowledge of their own social responsibility and thus to control environmental and social impacts. Assessing the social and environmental performance, the establishment of a steering system for the performance and accountability on these external dimensions imply the existence of metrics to assess the quality of management of the business related non-financial. In fact, the existence of these metrics is also of particular importance to other stakeholders that ethical investors who require such information to select the best performing companies on the main criteria the quality of resource management Human and respect for human rights. This leads companies to establish a legal and socio-technical infrastructure to make measurable CSR stakeholders. In theoretical terms, the extent of CSR faces similar problems to those identified to define the concept of CSR: the multiplicity of approaches and dimensions of this complex concept, difficult to r eport objectively its components more subjective often linked to an assessment based on criteria related to ethics or a social context. 2.1.1 Measuring CSR in the academic literature Among the different methods of measurement of CSR that have been used, we can distinguish five categories: Measures of speech, such as content analysis of annual reports, which are to be based on remarks made by companies to assess their CSR, for example by counting the number of lines or words dedicated to themes CSR in the annual report of a company; Indicators of pollution provided by some agencies to assess the pollution of businesses, such as the Toxic Release Inventory in the U.S., or for example measurements of the diffusion of CO2 by businesses; Measures of attitudes and values aimed at assessing the sensitivity of members of the organization (eg managers, employees) to the various dimensions of CSR and are generally administered in the form of a questionnaire; Measures of reputation, such as the indicator of reputation developed by Markowitz in the 1970s in the American magazine Fortune, which includes criteria related to CSR that are assessed by a panel of industry experts to which operates within the enterprise in question; The behavioral measures or audit, developed by the agencies that specialize in the assessment of social behavior and environmental responsibility, such as the U.S. KLD, EIRIS in Britain or in France Vigeo. 3. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: DEFINITION Performance is tried to rely on market efficiency that ensures the best allocation of resources and rejects any notion of corporate responsibility other than making profit for its shareholders. As a design performance based on an external view (the current shareholders and potential), often linked to the stock exchange during the action of the company. The performance measures are thus based on data from financial statements. The control and management are geared towards the minimization of costs and return on investment. It is a large building which includes questions on the financial performance within the organization. For a financial indicator, the financial performance of the organization is measured by its financial validity, such as accessibility to different sources of funding or its profitability compared to its investments, its assets or its equity. 2.1 MEASUREMENT OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE According to empirical studies, accounting measures provide most of the time positive correlations between CSR and financial performance. (Cochran and Wood, 1994; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Preston and O Bannon, 1997; Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001; Rufetal, 2001). In addition, these measures from the accounts have the advantage of providing a more relevant measure of economic performance of the company and predict a more reliable the possible link between CSR and financial performance. On the other hand, the stock market measures have the advantage of being less prone to managerial manipulation. Especially since they represent scores of investors on the business ability to generate economic benefits (Mc Guire et al, 1988). However, these variables are evaluated specific investor and does not allow to reveal the economic reality of the business (Ullmann, 1985), the results that emerge from studies using measures such as stock market are mi xed, Markovitz, (1972) found a positive relationship, Vance (1975) proves otherwise, and Buchotz Alexander (1978) found a weak correlation or no. Griffin and Mahon (1997) stress that results from market-related measures are mostly negative and called for greater use of accounting measures. To better understand the financial performance and provide a more comprehensive or less of the latter, further research incorporating both measures at a time (Mc Guire, et al, 1988; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001 ; Seifert; Maurras and Barktkus, 2003, 2004). 4. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE 4.1 CSR and financial performance: theoretical approaches 4.1.1 The existence of a relationship between CSR and financial performance The theoretical approaches to corporate social responsibility are essentially based on the current contract philosophers and sociological neo-institutionalism. They particularly questioned the compatibility between market logic and the goal of maximum profit that underpin the economic rationale of the business and societal concerns such as sustainable development, intergenerational equity, the general interest which are purposes prior to appearing foreign or contrary to the entrepreneurial logic. In other words, the exercise of social responsibility of business is it an impossible synthesis between the collective demands long-term expectations and short-term private? The theoretical basis is between two opposite poles: on one side, the neoclassical theories, based on market efficiency, reject any idea of social responsibility of business other than making profit for its shareholders (Friedman, 1970). On the other, theories that mobilize a teleological principle and argue that there i s a moral responsibility of policy makers towards future generations and a large number of societal problems. However, the only approach moralistic-ethical is not sufficient to illuminate the strategic behavior of firms in the societal area because it does not understand the motivations of corporate behavior. In this approach, stakeholders influence policy decisions of leaders and they are accountable to them about how they took into account their expectations. 4.2 The stakeholder theory From the 1980s, the theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) is gradually accepted as a framework to further specify the groups vis--vis what the enterprise is (or should exercise) its societal responsibilities. The work of Freeman (1984) popularized this theory by proposing to define as stakeholder all persons or groups who are likely to affect and / or be affected by the conduct of the strategy of undertaking. The theory of stakeholder theory is now the most frequently mobilized both by researchers as actors in the business. She entered the company at the heart of a set of relationships with partners who are not only shareholders (Shareholders), but players interested in or affected by the activities and business decisions. The stakeholder theory is not exempt from a normative vision and ethics but it seeks to integrate economic goals: it states that cooperation contracts establish trust between the firm and its stakeholders and provides a competitive advantage the company. One might wonder whether the inclusion of stakeholder expectations is not rather the result of traditional rules of management that the outcome of a deliberative process of integrating moral principles. Despite its omnipresence in all the literature on corporate social responsibility, this theory remains ambiguous about its theoretical basis and presents a number of limitations. On the one hand, it is part of a relational representation of the organization based on fair contracts that involve conflicts of interest may be resolved by ensuring a maximization of the interests of each group. On the other hand, it would be unrealistic to consider a comprehensive consideration of all potential stakeholders. The rationality of leaders is necessarily limited by the urgency of the problems, pressures and information systems available to them that they decided to put in place. A first theoretical approach suggests that the company is more successful socially; it is more efficient economically and financially. Instead, the company will be more economically efficient and less it will be socially. Finally, beyond these two extreme views, it is possible to consider the assumptions of positive and negative synergy that cross the different conceptual foundations. With these assumptions also added a generic assumption of neutrality of interactions: Gond, 2001) and assuming a more complex relationship. 5. CSR and financial performance: Many theoretical explanations The theoretical explanations to clarify the nature of the relationship between societal and financial performance are numerous. They can be organized into three distinct categories: explanations postulating the existence of linear relationships between these two constructs, explanations suggesting no link between the two constructs, and finally explanations assume the existence of nonlinear relationships between these two variables. 5.1 The models suggest a positive link between CSR and performance Two theoretical models support the idea of a positive impact of CSR on financial performance (Social Impact Hypothesis) and the assumption of funds available as excess resources available to discretionary managers or Organizational Slack (Available Fund Hypothesis). According to the hypothesis of positive social impact, companies with a high level of CSR demonstrate their ability to master the implicit costs and negative externalities of the organization and report to stakeholders and the quality of their management. The theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) that establishes the hypothesis of the influence of social practices, has created a vast literature on the interaction between CSR and firm performance (Freeman, 1984, Cornell and Shapiro, 1987; Ullmann, 1985, Clarkson 1995, Donaldson and Preston, 1995): Satisfaction with the business objectives of stakeholders promotes the improvement of economic and financial performance (Freeman, 1984). The second model, that of Organizational Slack addresses the link between social performance and economic performance by proposing the idea that this is not the social responsibility that is the condition for obtaining a high level financial performance but, instead, the level of financial performance which allows the company to engage in socially responsible actions. Mc Guire et al, (1988) reported that financial performance could improve the level of social performance and their work has been partially confirmed those by Preston et al, (1991). The profitability of the business differential is then a condition of social behavior; Kraft and Hadges (1990) have shown that excess resources and the attitude of managers towards society strongly influence the level of responsibility social enterprises. 5.2 The models suggest a negative relationship between CSR and financial performance Unlike the two previous models, others say that companies realize the best social performance are also those with the worst economic performance and vice versa in this spirit, a negative relationship between societal performance and financial performance dominates. The literature suggests two models that assume a negative relationship between CSR and performance, distinguished by the nature of causality assumed. The first model Trade-Off Hypothesis or assumptions arbitration assumes that the inclusion of corporate social responsibility involves additional financial costs resulting therefore a competitive disadvantage (Friedman, 1962, 1970). In this perspective, any move away from socially responsible leaders of their goal of maximizing profits (Aupperle, Carroll and Hatzfeld, 1985). Drucker (1984, p.58) states that making a profit is fundamentally incompatible with the social responsibility of business 5.3 The models suggest a positive or negative synergy The typology developed by Preston and OBannon (1997) suggests two hypotheses that are based on different theoretical approaches outlined above. Indeed, in the context of a comprehensive model explaining it is possible to envisage a virtuous circle (positive synergy): a high level of social performance leads to improved financial performance that provides the opportunity to reinvest in social actions responsible (Waddock and Graves, 1997). In contrast, a low level of societal performance led to a decline in financial performance limits, therefore, socially responsible investment (negative synergy). 5.4 The models suggest a missing link The conceptual contributions of Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) lead Gond (2001) to complete the typology of Preston and O Bannon (1997) by formulating the hypothesis of no link between the two dimensions. Indeed, Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) propose a model of supply and demand for social responsibility that helps explain the lack of consensus results obtained by empirical academic studies. According to them, there is a supply and demand for social responsibility, in a standard micro, who led each of them to invest socially to meet the demand of stakeholders. Market equilibrium cancels costs and profits generated by successively supply of social responsibility. This approach leads to a hypothesis of neutrality of interactions between social performance and financial performance. 5.5 The models suggest a more complex relationship The results obtained by Bowman and Haire (1975) led Moore (2001) also refine the typology of Preston and OBannon (1997) and the hypothesis of positive relationship between more complex two-dimensional. Indeed, Bowman and Haire (1975) but also, more recently, Barnett and Salomon (2003) showed a non-linear U-shaped inverted between social performance and financial performance, indicating an optimum level beyond which socially responsible investment longer improves financial performance. The multiplicity of theoretical hypotheses advanced to explain the nature of interactions between CSR and financial performance has led to develop empirical tests to define the conditions of validity of the various mechanisms invoked.. 6. CSR and financial performance: empirical approaches Clarification of the economic impact of CSR has always been a major concern in the field of study on the relationship between business and society. It is therefore not surprising that empirical work on this issue have been very numerous, there were in 2007 more than 160 empirical studies on the subject. This work focused on the nature of interactions between the firms ability to achieve a high level of CSR and financial performance by studying the interactions between on the one hand, social performance (or societal) Company (CSR) and, secondly, its financial performance (FP). These interactions have been studied mainly through two levels of analysis we will present successively: Many publications over the last twenty years have highlighted the link between social responsibility and financial performance of the company. But these studies show conflicting results do not establish clearly the existence of a positive or negative relationship between social responsibility and financial firms (Preston and OBannon, 1997; Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Mac Williams and Siegel , 2001, Margolis and Walsh, 2002). The lack of theoretical foundation and conceptual studies, lack of uniformity in evaluation of social responsibility and financial and methodological shortcomings found explain the poor results obtained. Studies most recent research (Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Roman Hayibor and Agle, 1999, Margolis and Walsh, 2003) found a slight advantage for the detection of positive links between societal performance and financial performance . The synthesis of the literature identifies 122 studies published between 1971 and 2001 with an accelerating pace of recently published (35 studies between 1997 and 2001) and far (2007) on more than 160 empirical studies on this subject, but also this research were sometimes biased in the direction of the illumination of a positive relationship. For example, the 122 education fifty and claim a positive association between social responsibility and financial performance twenty get mixed results, twenty seven indicate no ties and seven observed a negative relationship. 6.1 The hypothesis of impact-social Social Impact Hypothesis According to (Freeman 1984, Donaldson and Preston, 1995), stakeholder theory has explained the origin of the favorable influence social behavior on financial performance. Indeed, CSR is an indicator of the ability of business to effectively meet the demands of various stakeholders. This has consequently regained their confidence and thus improve profitability (Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998). Waddock and Graves (1997) speak of Good Management Theory that there is a high correlation between good management practice and CSR, simply because an improvement in social activity entails a special relationship with Key Stakeholders Groups (Freeman, 1984), implying more performance. In addition, a review of empirical literature confirms a positive relationship between the two components (Mc Guire et al, 1988; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Preston and OBannon, 1997; Verschoor, 1998, Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998; Mc Williams and Siegel, 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001, Orlitsky, 2001; Kohers an d Simpson, 2002). Allouche and Laroche (2005) identified 82 research, 75 of them have found a positive link, while Margolis and Walsh (2003) who counted 54 out of 127 studies confirming the positive relationship. Hence our first hypothesis H1: Social responsibility has a positive impact on financial performance. 6.2 The Trade-Off Hypothesis This hypothesis refers to the classical theory of Friedman (1962, 1970) that CSR is an investment that increases costs and takes place at the expense of financial performance. For example a decision to invest in equipment acquisition environmentally friendly while other competitors do not, can generate a competitive disadvantage. Hence the reduction in profitability which may cause discontent among shareholders. This finding was also confirmed by Aupperle et al, (1985), the authors conclude that social activities such as donation to charity, environmental protection and community development dissipate more resources and generate additional costs, which disadvantages the company against its competitors less engaged in social actions. Searches return the negative relationship to abnormalities in particular methodological tools to measure financial performance. The negative association is due to the use of market variables as a measure of financial performance (Griffin and Mahon, 1997). In reality, the number of studies that lead to a negative relationship is very small, Margolis and Walsh (2003) identify 127 studies dealing with the subject in question, and they found that only 8 of them expect a negative correlation between the two dimensions. of where our second hypothesis H2: The social responsibility has a negative impact on financial performance. 6.3 The lack of connection between the two dimensions Some authors suggest that CSR and financial performance are both built entirely separate. Ullmann (1995) emphasizes that the link from a pure coincidence. The correlation is generated, according to the author, by intervening variables that occur in an unpredictable manner and that link the two constructs. Meanwhile, Waddock and Graves (1997) show that the methodological problems in operationalizing CSR tend to obscure the link. A multitude of empirical studies have provided no link between the two dimensions (Aupperle et al, 1985; Fogler and Nutt, 1975; Abbot and Monsen, 1979, Freedman and Jaggi, 1986; ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey 1989; Seifert, Maris and Barkus, 2004, Graves and Waddock, 1999). Others state that the link is weak or nonexistent (Alexander and Bchholz 1978, Cochran and Wood, 1984; Krauz and Pava, 1996; Berman et al, 1999; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Seifert and Morris Barktkus , 2003). Griffin and Mahon (1997), Balaban, Hugh and Jonathan (1998) found that the results are inconclusive: the variables selected do not distinguish between successful firms and inefficient firms. In this context, our third hypothesis H3: There is no link between social responsibility and financial performance. 7. CSR and financial performance: The effect of control variables Research has shown that the relationship between CSR and financial performance is not absolute, it must take into account the weight of the elements of each company (Ullmann, 1985; Waddock and Graves, 1997) and are likely to moderate the relationship between the two constructs. These characteristics are operationalized as control variables. 7.1 The effect risk The risk is variable, with several studies in different contexts have shown that it controls the relationship between the two dimensions. The argument assumes the risk that companies have a low risk to commit advantage in social activities, and vice versa. Companies with low risk have a stable performance model, and therefore, this situation seems very conducive to investment in social activities (Roberts, 1992). Aupperle et al, (1985) postulate that firms more socially responsible are identified as being better managed and risks are minimal. This finding is especially approved by the study of Mc Guire et al, (1988); ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey (1989), Waddock and Graves (1997), Graves and Waddock (1999). In contrast, Aupperle et al, (1985) found a correlation, positive correlation between CSR and risk accounting, and negative but not significant between CSR and market risk. 7.2 The effect size The argument for the size stipulated that organizations undertake major advantage in social actions; small organizations do not give importance to social activity (Waddock and Graves, 1997). Burke et al, (1986) argue that companies, as and as they grow, give more attention to external factors and better meet the demands of stakeholders, Stanwick and Stanwick (1998) found that size, measured by the volume of sales and total assets is positively related to CSR. Mc Guire et al (1988) find a positive but not significant between CSR and the size measured by total assets. 7.3 The effect sector The sector as designed in the literature is a moderating effect of CSR and PF relationship, eg the extent of the consideration of environmental responsibility by a chemical company is not the same a financial institution. A plurality of researchers took into account the control variable as in include: Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999; Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, McWilliams and Siegel 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001; Seifer, Morris and Barktkus, 2003.2004. 8. theoretical model 9. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH The objective of empirical research is to empirically test our research hypotheses and the theoretical model proposed. In order to test the validity of our assumptions on a sample drawn from all Tunisian companies, we proceeded by two steps the first is to measure the perception of Tunisian companies to the concept of CSR and then study the impact of this latest financial performance. Through our research, we chose the method of direct interview, and for several reasons, we conduct a field investigation, by adopting the technique of direct investigation on the basis of a questionnaire. The survey covered a sample of 30 Tunisian companies selected from different sectors. 9.1 The scale of measurement of CSR predictor For measurement of CSR, we will adopt that developed by Maignan et al (1999), which forms part of the work on measuring social performance. This scale operationalizes the concept of social performance by measuring the dimensions of the construct. In fact, two major scales have been developed in this perspective: The oldest is that of Aupperle, Carroll and Hatfield (1985) measuring the orientation of managers towards social responsibility, the latest and most complete is that of organizational citizenship Maignan et al. (1999), reused by Maignan and Ferrell (2001). These two instruments take over the traditional classification in four types of social responsibilities of Carroll (1979): economic, legal, ethical and discretionary or philanthropic organizations that are a reflection of society see the company actively engaged in its local environment and / or global defense of social causes and public interest. Regarding the scale of Aupperle et al (1985), it is intended to measure only the views of leaders on the relative importance of each of the four dimensions of social responsibility of business. While the scale of Maignan et al. (1999) is designed to gather perceptions of the social performance of the business stakeholders throughout the company (Maignan and Ferrell, 2001). Indeed, the scale was constructed from academic studies describing activities commonly accepted as citizens by the three main stakeholders ie employees, customers, stakeholders public. These authors manage this work, mainly to executives (Maignan et al 1999, Maignan and Ferrell, 2001) to have completed the questionnaire as relevant as the leaders and general information about the company cutting. Hence, our questionnaire has five dimensions are those of Carroll (1979), added an environmental dimension whose items are inspired by the Global Compact (1999). This choice is argued by the importance it attaches to the environment today, and the pressures that companies face to reflect the impact of its activities on the environment in which it operates, it is relevant namely the impact of the inclusion of the natural environment on the financial performance of Tunisian firms. 9.2 The measure of financial performance: variable to explain The various empirical studies testing the relationship between CSR and financial performance have opted for the latter measure, accounting measures, or measures for stock market listed companies or both sets. In our case we use accounting measures that our sample consists of companies listed and unlisted. The measures derived from accounting are: 9.2.1 The performance of assets ROA Means various researchers who have opted for this measure are: Aupperle et al. 1985 Mc Guire et al. 1988; ONeil Sunders and Mc Carthey 1989, Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Preston and OBannon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999; Seifert, Morris and Barktkus 2003, Simpson and Kohers, 2002, Berman et al, 1999. ROA = Net income / Total assets 9.2.2 The returns on equity ROE Bowman and Haire, 1975; Pava and Krausz, 1996; Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Seifert, Morris and Barktkus 2003; Verschoor, 1998; Balabanis, Hught and Jonathan 1998, Ruf et al, 2001; Preston and OBannon, 1997. The financial data used are those from 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. ROE = Net income / Equity 9.3 Control variables We took into account three variables that can affect controls that are either CSR or financial performance, which are the effect size, effect and risk effect industry. The size is measured by the logarithm of total assets (Seifert, Morris and Barktkus, 2004; Kohers and Simpson, 2002, Johnson and Greening 1999). Risk is measured by the debt ratio as suggested by Waddock and Graves (1997) and Ullman (1985). Ratios of debt = Total Debt / Equity The sector is taken as a moderator variable (Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999, Balaban, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Mc Williams and Siegle, 2000; Moore, 2001; Ruf et al, 2001; Seifer, Morris and Barktkus, 2003, 2004). 10. Check the measurement model of CSR We present in what follows the procedures we use to verify the reliability and validity of the scale of measurement of CSR. The analysis was performed using the software for data analysis SPSS13.0. Various steps must be taken to ensure that the analysis is properly conducted. We begin by submitting the scale factor analysis. In terms of characteristics, we have selected the initial structure in the Statistical Area and weightings, significance levels and index KMO and Bartletts test in the correlation matrix. The KMO test used to quantify the degree of correlation between variables and the appropriateness of factor analysis. This indicator is between 0 and 1. The test of sphericity of Bartlett (1954) tests the hypothesis of no correlation in the correlation matrix. This test must be significant that the data are factorization (p

Decision Making And Conflict Resolution - 1439 Words

There is no more challenging, nor rewarding job, than being a Catholic school principal. It can also be difficult at times, especially when students cross the line of good behavior, or even worse, when a parent crosses that line. During these first several years as principal, I have had the privilege of overseeing the faith formation and academic development of a wonderful group of young men and women. I have learned as much from them as I hope they have learned from me, and I am honored that God has called me to serve Him in this way. During the course of this paper, I will share with you my vision of the role of principal. To do this, we will examine theories on leadership, organization and motivation. We will discuss instituting change, creating a process for decision-making and conflict resolution. Most importantly, we will consider ways to integrate Catholicism and spirituality into our roles as principals. Throughout this paper, I hope you find something you can use, and modify, to fit your needs. Leadership Theories Leadership is an awesome responsibility. It is also exhausting, and rewarding, and above all else, a privilege. Individuals who want to be principals take classes, participate in internships, acquire a certain skill set and develop certain abilities, all in the hope of being an effective leader, and a good principal. Effective leaders exhibit what Kouzes and Posner describe as â€Å"The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership.† These practices includeShow MoreRelatedDecision Making And Conflict Resolution1416 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the course of this paper, I will share with you my vision of the role of principal. To do this, we will examine theories on leadership, organization and motivation. We will discuss instituting change, creating a process for decision-making and conflict resolution. 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Nature vs. Nurture Free Essays

The relative role of nature versus nurture in the shaping of living systems is a central issue in many areas of biology. There are two schools of thought. One side would argue that all idiotypic specificities are encoded in the germline genes of the gonads, implying that antigenic experiences over eons of time have allowed the accumulation, by natural selection, of every conceivable antibody specificity. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature vs. Nurture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The alternative school argues that a collection of useful specificities are germline encoded (e.g., those specific for antigens endemic to the species), the rest arising by a somatic mutation (and selection) process during the life of the individual; the total repertoire is, therefore, generated and shaped during ontogeny. The nature-nurture debate has now shifted to specifying how much of the child traits can be attributed to heredity and how much to environment. An enormous amount of research has been generated by this question. Despite sophisticated research procedure, there is still no definite answer to the nature-nurture question. My stand is more related on the environment and experience’s contribution to a child’s development, as what the role of nurture was discussed and especially apparent in Piaget’s book the Moral Judgment of the Child (1965), where he asserted that many arguments and conflicts with peers are the key in stimulating development of more mature moral thinking (McCormick Pressley, 2006). On biology, I personally think that even if the child gets the best gene composition, his experiences would still stand out. These would teach him lessons in life that he would most likely use in his everyday life. Today, most developmental psychologists do not believe that development is primarily due to either nature (determined by biology) or nurture (determined by experience), Instead, there is clear understanding that development is due to both nature and nurture, both biology and experience. Biology provides a range of possibilities. Which of those possibilities is realized depends greatly on the experiences available in the environment. Consider that may seem a simple example. A child inherits genes providing him or her with a biological predisposition for being intelligent and smart than average. Whether this child achieves this biological potential depends upon environmental factors, such as the nutrition available and exposure to severe illness or disease (Vialle, Lysaght, Verenikina, 2005). References: McCormick, C. B., Pressley, M. (2006). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York and London: Guilford Press. Vialle, W., Lysaght, P., Verenikina, I. (2005). Psychology for Educators. Australia: Thomson Learning Nelson.       How to cite Nature vs. Nurture, Essay examples Nature vs. Nurture Free Essays The debate between what shapes who a person will become has been around as long as scientists have been around to contemplate it.   The biologists with their need to find a genetic link for everything use such genetic diseases as Down’s syndrome and Hemophilia to explain how nature develops the human adult.   The psychologists are never quite as absolute as the biologists and they have studies and Theorists such as B. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature vs. Nurture or any similar topic only for you Order Now F. Skinner to say that a person is only the result of how they are trained.   The reality of what shapes a person into the adult he becomes is actually a very well balanced blend of both. An adult person is made up of physical traits or characteristics, behaviors or habits and personality traits. Scientists and psychologists agree that physical traits and characteristics are almost entirely the result of genetics.   A person gets green eyes and blonde hair from a parent with green eyes and blonde hair.   If both parents are over six feet tall, the child will very likely be tall.   Additionally diseases such as Down’s syndrome, and color blindness are indisputably genetic.   Scientists have discovered specific genetic markers to identify how these traits and illnesses are acquired.   The debate comes in when the other aspects of a person’s make-up is questioned. When the origin of the way people act or behave is considered the debate begins to get very heated.   Most psychologists state that behavior is direct result of what people have learned during childhood.   The classical psychologists Skinner and Pavlov believed that every action a person made was learned.   They did experiments on animals to prove how stimulus affected and thus shaped behavior.   This attempts to dismiss serial killers as  simply having bad childhoods (Powell, 2008). When the histories of many of the worst serial killers are investigated however, some had abusive childhoods and others had very nurturing childhoods.   Some studies done in Russian orphanages showed that much of what people learn comes from nurture. In these studies, a number of children spent months or years with very limited human contact.   The result was a group of children, who could not speak or interact with others.   These studies indicate there is a combination of both nature and nurture in behavior. When personalities come into the picture, the studies of twins who were raised in separate homes become a factor.   One of these studies was that of Elyse Schein and her twin sister, who upon their reunion discovered that over fifty percent of their personalities were the direct results of nature (Richman, 2007). This explains that the makings of a serial killer have to be a combination of genetics and the way a person is raised.   The twins in the study had no knowledge the other existed, but discovered they had a number of commonalities. The result of the years of study and debate comes down to the fact that a person is shaped both by who they are related to and how they are raised.   Neither bad genes nor bad caregivers can be blamed entirely for the end results of how a person turns out as an adult there is no evidence that people are shaped entirely by either, but there is evidence that both play significant roles. Resources: Powell, Kimberly, â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† (2008) About.com. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from: Nature vs. Nurture – How Heredity and Environment Shape Who We Are Richman, Joe. â€Å"Identical Strangers†. (2007) excerpt from book by Elyse Schein. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from: NPR: ‘Identical Strangers’ Explore Nature vs. Nurture How to cite Nature vs. Nurture, Essay examples Nature vs. Nurture Free Essays FINAL PAPER: NATURE VS. NURTURE Bradley Duckworth 3/9/12 My thoughts on Nature vs. Nurture are very different from the secular world because the secular world doesn’t understand how a relationship with Jesus Christ can completely change a person. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature vs. Nurture or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe my wife is a perfect person for the discussion of nature vs. nurture. I must begin with some history my wife. Erin never knew her biological father. She met her biological father for the first time just last year at the age of 33. As we get to know her biological father it seems the only similarities are a few facial features. My wife is much more a product of her step-dad who raised her in a Christian home. If my wife was not a Christian I suspect she might be more like her biological father, since he is not. So I guess my question in the nature vs. nurture debate would be how much does Christianity play into this? If you were to look at identical twins where one was raised in a Christian home and one in a non-Christian home how different would they be? Would they still have similarities? I think they would have certain similarities, but you simply can’t leave out Christianity in this debate, because Christ can completely transform an individual. If you leave religion out of it and take two people with the same genes and they are raised separately with the same worldview I believe they would have a tremendous amount in common if they were brought together later. I simply think it depends more on the culture, environment and worldview that the person is raised. That being said I guess I would say both if you consider God nature. If not, then I would say nurture because of the way our worldview and culture shapes us. Oops. I guess you simply can’t leave God out of the equation. God is our nature since all man is created in His image and as Christians he is our nurture in the way that he guides and directs our lives. I think the reason that so many people have a hard time answering this is because they try to leave God out of it. According to the text Psychology: â€Å"The nature- nurture issue-the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience. The origins of this debate are ancient. Do our human traits develop through experience, or are we born with them? The Greek philosopher Plato (428-348 B. C. assumed that character and intelligence are largely inherited and that certain ideas are inborn. Aristotle (384-322 B. C. ) countered that there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses. † (Myers, P. 7) The debate about nature vs. nurture rose again in the 1600’s with John Locke and Rene’ Descartes. Locke was on the nurture side believing everyone had a blank slate, a nd Descartes was on the nature side believing we are simply a product of our descendants. We then jump ahead to Charles Darwin in the mid 1800’s who was on the nature side. He believed everything naturally evolved over time. So what is the answer? I took the following from Geneology. com â€Å"Fast-growing understanding of the human genome has recently made it clear that both sides are partly right. Nature endows us with inborn abilities and traits; nurture takes these genetic tendencies and molds them as we learn and mature. End of story, right? Nope. The â€Å"nature vs. nurture† debate still rages on, as scientist fight over how much of whom we are is shaped by genes and how much by the environment. (Powel, 2012) We simply don’t have the answer except to say it’s the combination on nature and nurture that shape us. The Darwin theory lives on today in our nature vs. nurture debate. When it all comes down to it, in simple terms, we really have only two options. We either leave God (the creator) out of the picture and embrace the evolution theory that everything just naturally happened, or we embrace the truth of God and his Word. The nature vs. nurture debate will never be resolved apart from God. Things do naturally happen but only because God the creator is making things naturally happen. Nurture is part of our free will that God gave us and told us to rule over the earth and to populate the earth. As we populated the earth our cultures and habits, traditions evolved and developed. The result of who we are today does partially come from our ancestors; however apes are not our ancestors. Our ancestors are our grandparents, great grandparents and so on all the way back to Noah, Abraham, and Adam and Eve in the beginning. It’s strange to really think we have similar genes to Adam and Eve but not as strange to think we have the same genes as apes. God created apes and monkeys to remind us what we would be like if we were not humans with a soul, and were apart from Christ. Just as you can’t separate God from creation, neither can you separate nature from nurture it is both, not one or the other. References: 1) Myers, D. G. , 2010. Psychology. New York, NY. Worth Publishers 2) Powell, K. , 2012. Nature Vs. Nurture. , http://genealogy. about. com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture. htm How to cite Nature vs. Nurture, Papers Nature vs. Nurture Free Essays Nature vs. Nurture As far as how an individual personality is biologically determined, no one really knows just in what manner it is accumulated. In an article conducted by John Hockett, he describes the differences as such; â€Å"Nature is a trait which does not change with age, while nurture is an influence, uncorrelated with nature and making for individual differences which change with the length over time or number of years through which it acts†. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature vs. Nurture or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, nature is permanent and nurture causes it to fluctuate (Hockett). Early childhood experiences are often linked with personality changes in people. This goes along with theories that maybe personality is only determined from your own experiences after you’re born. Many people also believe that personality is pre-determined by your biological make-up even before you are born. The truth in the matter is that your personality is made up by a combination of both nature(Biological Genotype) and nurture (your personal life experiences). There are many problems involving the nature vs. nurture debate. Related article: Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Answer Key The idea that peoples personality/disition making is strictly biological at birth and cannot be changed throughout their life could be used to argue that people charged with major crimes should not be given the chance to be rehabilitated. This would be because we believe that people cannot change their moral being, even if put through helpful services. For people who believe that nurture (or your environment you are in growing up) is the only factors for personality development would have to argue that you are not born with your personality, that it is created from your own life expirience. This conclusion would make it very hard to show hereditary links between personality and mood disorders in family trees. I personally have heard of studies that show that there is a correlation between the two (nature nurture theories) In present day, most psychiatrists can agree that personality is shown in early development of children and that it can be srastically altered from tramatic childhood neglect fo expiriences. This proves that â€Å"nuture† is almost definitely involved in personality factors. Nature is the phrase that is used to describe any personality traits that are strictly up to your genetics. There are some studies that show biologically set in stone personalities. Some people have a natural dopamine deficiency that causes them to be more thrill seeking in order to get that missing void filled. You can test people average hormonal levels as well in order to determine how they might be influenced by genetic factors. Studies have shown that babies that have stressed out mothers while they are in the womb tend to be born showing more anxiety and stressfulness than those that were born from calmer mothers. Nurture refers to the personality traits that are obtained over a lifetime, or in other word things that are not genetically implanted in DNA. The famous and probably one of the first people to suggest this was the philosopher John Locke who came up with the idea that everyone is born with no knowledge or personality and every experience shapes them. This is called the â€Å"blank slate† theory. The problem with this theory is that it means that humans would have no instinctual knowledge and everything would be up to your own personal experience. Humans have the natural ability to have some things such as breathing and temperature regulation as instinct. To bring nature (genetics) together with nurture (environment) in the study of social development we will have to look at results of many social-development studies. According to Robert Plomin ; three examples are the newest ideas for developmental examinations of personality( Plomin). First, he claims that there are three key areas of social development; attachment, empathy, and social competence. He claims that â€Å"these suggest that genetic factors contribute to individual differences in social development† (Plumin). Second, research on widely used measures of social environment implicates a genetic contribution. Plumin believes that nature does have an effect on personality but his emphasis is on the rise of increasingly advanced technology being used to read genetic variation to determine personality traits. â€Å"It is predicted that behavioral genetic research will be conducted using DNA markers that assess genetic variation among individuals directly rather than resorting to indirect estimates based on twin and adoption methods. This will revolutionize behavioral genetic research and make it more accessible and applicable to developmentalists† (Plumin). As a first step in the direction of behavioral genetics, social developmentalists are encouraged to include siblings in their research. Plumin is a very good example of one of the many people who are still in the debate of Nature vs. nurture as far as personality goes. Works Cited Plomin, R. (1994). Nature, nurture, and social development. Social Development,  3(1), 37-53. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1467-9507. 1994. tb00022. x Symonds, P. M. (1926). Nature vs. nurture. Journal of Educational Psychology,  17(7), 498-500. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1037/h0067291 How to cite Nature vs. Nurture, Essay examples Nature vs. Nurture Free Essays Nature vs. Nurture As far as how an individual personality is biologically determined, no one really knows just in what manner it is accumulated. In an article conducted by John Hockett, he describes the differences as such; â€Å"Nature is a trait which does not change with age, while nurture is an influence, uncorrelated with nature and making for individual differences which change with the length over time or number of years through which it acts†. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature vs. Nurture or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, nature is permanent and nurture causes it to fluctuate (Hockett). Early childhood experiences are often linked with personality changes in people. This goes along with theories that maybe personality is only determined from your own experiences after you’re born. Many people also believe that personality is pre-determined by your biological make-up even before you are born. The truth in the matter is that your personality is made up by a combination of both nature(Biological Genotype) and nurture (your personal life experiences). There are many problems involving the nature vs. nurture debate. The idea that peoples personality/disition making is strictly biological at birth and cannot be changed throughout their life could be used to argue that people charged with major crimes should not be given the chance to be rehabilitated. This would be because we believe that people cannot change their moral being, even if put through helpful services. For people who believe that nurture (or your environment you are in growing up) is the only factors for personality development would have to argue that you are not born with your personality, that it is created from your own life expirience. This conclusion would make it very hard to show hereditary links between personality and mood disorders in family trees. I personally have heard of studies that show that there is a correlation between the two (nature nurture theories) In present day, most psychiatrists can agree that personality is shown in early development of children and that it can be srastically altered from tramatic childhood neglect fo expiriences. This proves that â€Å"nuture† is almost definitely involved in personality factors. Nature is the phrase that is used to describe any personality traits that are strictly up to your genetics. There are some studies that show biologically set in stone personalities. Some people have a natural dopamine deficiency that causes them to be more thrill seeking in order to get that missing void filled. You can test people average hormonal levels as well in order to determine how they might be influenced by genetic factors. Studies have shown that babies that have stressed out mothers while they are in the womb tend to be born showing more anxiety and stressfulness than those that were born from calmer mothers. Nurture refers to the personality traits that are obtained over a lifetime, or in other word things that are not genetically implanted in DNA. The famous and probably one of the first people to suggest this was the philosopher John Locke who came up with the idea that everyone is born with no knowledge or personality and every experience shapes them. This is called the â€Å"blank slate† theory. The problem with this theory is that it means that humans would have no instinctual knowledge and everything would be up to your own personal experience. Humans have the natural ability to have some things such as breathing and temperature regulation as instinct. To bring nature (genetics) together with nurture (environment) in the study of social development we will have to look at results of many social-development studies. According to Robert Plomin ; three examples are the newest ideas for developmental examinations of personality( Plomin). First, he claims that there are three key areas of social development; attachment, empathy, and social competence. He claims that â€Å"these suggest that genetic factors contribute to individual differences in social development† (Plumin). Second, research on widely used measures of social environment implicates a genetic contribution. Plumin believes that nature does have an effect on personality but his emphasis is on the rise of increasingly advanced technology being used to read genetic variation to determine personality traits. â€Å"It is predicted that behavioral genetic research will be conducted using DNA markers that assess genetic variation among individuals directly rather than resorting to indirect estimates based on twin and adoption methods. This will revolutionize behavioral genetic research and make it more accessible and applicable to developmentalists† (Plumin). As a first step in the direction of behavioral genetics, social developmentalists are encouraged to include siblings in their research. Plumin is a very good example of one of the many people who are still in the debate of Nature vs. nurture as far as personality goes. Works Cited Plomin, R. (1994). Nature, nurture, and social development. Social Development,  3(1), 37-53. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1467-9507. 1994. tb00022. x Symonds, P. M. (1926). Nature vs. nurture. Journal of Educational Psychology,  17(7), 498-500. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1037/h0067291 How to cite Nature vs. Nurture, Papers Nature vs. Nurture Free Essays There is no denying that both nature and nurture both play a part in who a person is. When it comes to genes and environment one of the two has a greater influence on a person. One’s nurture or environment has the most influence on who a person is and will become. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature vs. Nurture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first reason environment has a greater influence is because education is a result to how someone thinks. The second reason environment has a greater influence on a person is because people around them reflect them as a person.The third reason why environment has a greater influence is because the location of someone affects their views. The first reason why nurture overrules nature in who a person is, is because intelligence is learned. No one has a dumb brain, just like no one has a genius brain. All humans have the same functioning brain, however not all brains receive the same information. The education a person is given does affect the way they think and the level of intelligence they have.Someone who goes to a scholarly private school is going to have a higher intellect level than someone who goes to a less fortunate public school. A person’s education affects their intelligence, beliefs, behaviors, and how they carry themselves as a whole. The second reason why nurture overrules nature in who someone is, is because people around them reflect them as a person. It’s only natural that people observe and learn from other people. These observations help to influence and develop their way of thinking and behaving.One’s social life amongst other experiences with people in their life influence how they act. Friends, family, and other figures rub off on a person, as the saying goes â€Å"you are who you surround yourself with. † The third reason nurture overrules nature in which a person is the location of someone affects their views. The actual environment someone lives in has a big impact towards their outlook on life. If someone is put in an environment in Afghanistan where the United States is constantly attacking, and they grow up to be a terrorist; what is to blame?It wasn’t in their genetics to kill or have hatred; their environments set their brains up to think that way. No matter where someone goes in life, the environment they grew up in will always remain a part of them. A Person’s experiences in their surroundings will affect their personality, reactions, and behaviors towards other individuals. In conclusion, a person’s nurture or environment has the most influence on who they are and will become. The first reason environment has a greater influence is because education is a result to how someone thinks.The second reason environment has a greater influence on a person is because people around them reflect them as a person. The third reason why environment has a greater influence is because the location of someone affects their views. It is not being stated that genetics plays no role in a person’s behavior or personality, but in this essay it is being stated that a person’s experiences override their genetics to help the brain develop and create them as an individual, separate from their parents and relatives. How to cite Nature vs. Nurture, Papers

Preparing a Presentation for Senior Management

Question: Case study about the preparing a presentation for senior management. Answer: Preparing a presentation for senior management Research findings- The outcome of the research indicate that organization in every industry need to develop and evaluate the HR functions to build healthy workplace that contributes to organizational development. There have been many cases where the organizations due to poor strategies and plans failed to achieve organizational goals and the observed a high turnover rate. The human resource management of the organization should have the ability to have control over all these aspects. The research findings also indicate that global trends have facilitated the ways developing organizational culture and human resource management. A majority of the success of the organization could depend on human research. There have been multiple functions associated with the humane source. Thus, evaluation of each of the aspect brings success to the organization. For example, the organization JKL needs to develop the strategic plans to deal with the internal challenges in the organization. In addition , JKL also needs to provide required benefits to its employees. The organization could develop reward and recognition programs for the employees. Reviewing of adequacy and effectiveness of JKL HR functions The current HR functions implemented by JKL are effective and they are aligned with organizational goals and objectives. The change management policy applied by the organization could help to achieve the expected goals and objectives. In addition, the policies are developed to provide optimal facilities to the employees. Three recommendations for improvement of HR functions Considering Vision In order to develop current HR functions, the organization needs pay attention to its strategic vision. The company needs to develop strategic vision for the overall development of other organization. It is observed that effective human resource strategies may not survive in a vacuum. In order to maximize the productivity, the strategies should be aligned with organizations strategic vision. Develop employee handbook- All organization needs to have an employee handbook. It is observed that employee handbook provides information on organizational policies benefits and procedures. In addition, it outlines human resource and management and helps the employees to understand organizational expectation. Provide appropriate training and development programs- While recruiting new people for the vacant position, the organization looks for highly skilled employees. However, it is important for the recruiters to develop; the guidelines techniques for the process. The guidelines should have followed at the time hiring new people for the positions. Nevertheless, the recruiting new people is not the end of the procedures; the human resource management needs to provide adequate training and development programs to employees. The employees should be provided with proper training; thus, they could perform well and increase productivity of the organization. There are some cases where the newly recruited people lack behind due to lack of knowledge. They find it difficult to adapt to the new environment. Therefore, in such a case training helps the employees to cope up with the new environment. In addition, at the time implementing change in the organization, the employees faces certain internal issues. For example, new job role could appear to be difficult to the employees. By providing training to employees, these issues can be resolved effectively. Reference List: Rondinelli, D.A., 2013.Development projects as policy experiments: An adaptive approach to development administration. Routledge. Akingbola, K., 2013. A model of strategic nonprofit human resource management.Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,24(1), pp.214-240. Renwick, D.W., Redman, T. and Maguire, S., 2013. Green human resource management: a review and research agenda*.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), pp.1-14.

Individualism Vs. Nationalism free essay sample

One of the biggest debates in the respects of sociology and psychology is the debate between individualism and nationalism. Many believe that the human capacity, or ability to be great, is best shown by the individuality of a person, and that a person can serve as an individual to the rest of the society. The other side of the coin is that being human is not anything significant as an individual and that any kind of development is dependent upon nationalism. But, does being in a collective group actually hurt more than being an individual? The general question of individual commitment to the social order is stressful. To fit into a collective group takes a toll on the mind, and being an individual seems less harboring. The urge to fit in is an unneeded duty that society requires to make everyone accepted because they then feel â€Å"normal. † Simplified, when people want to fit in, feel accepted, and conform, problems show up. We will write a custom essay sample on Individualism Vs. Nationalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I want to buy the latest trend of tights or leggings, I end up disappointing myself. I can’t physically fit into most trends or they don’t look well on me. It mentally affects me. I put myself down, convincing myself I just can’t wear those really â€Å"cute† clothes. As a girl especially, to look â€Å"cute† is how many feel comfortable. Those who don’t feel comfortable in their own skin because of the glorified image of â€Å"fitting in† tend to be most critical to themselves ,and where suicide rolls in, on a personal stage. To understand how personal, suicide can be examined. Many people have argued that suicide is a very personal act, so much so that it only involves the will and the thought process of just the individual who commits suicide. There are many social currents that could explain and predict a persons tendencies to commit suicide related to individualism, such as the urge to fit in. The mental pain that comes along with not fitting in with a collective group drives people to hurt. So, does being, or trying to be, in a collective group worth losing happiness over? Collectivism is the idea of mob mentality. Doesn’t sound too positive or happy when referred to as a mob, does it? When people are in a group, they sometimes stop thinking and just go with the wishes of their peers. When someone is unwilling to think for themselves, and accept the wishes of the people around them, it looks and smells a lot like a collective. So, stressing over becoming one with society is hurtful. Trying to fit in is hurtful. Suicide is hurtful. Not thinking for yourself is hurtful. If being in a group doesn’t lead to any of those things, then the group itself has already taken control.