Cross-cultural Management Essay Example for Free

Culturally diverse Management Essay Culture could be characterized as all the lifestyles including conventions, religion, language, practices, expressions and everything that makes personality to a nation. In such a globalized world, where in many associations we have individuals from the whole world, it is essential to think about diverse administration so as to comprehend people’s conduct and needs so as to dodge issues and have a charming and fruitful work environment. I decided to watch the film ‘Lost in translation’, a 2003 American film coordinated by Sofia Coppala. The film gives us what it resembles to end up in a totally extraordinary condition, culture. Substance of the film: The film centers around issues, for example, depression, distance and culture stun through the narrative of two Americans feeling lost in cutting edge Japan. One’s Bob Harris, a maturing American famous actor, who shows up in Tokyo to film an ad for a Japanese whisky brand. Aside from encountering the way of life stun he is likewise having an emotional meltdown and appears to be drained by his marriage which needs feelings. At that point there’s Charlotte, a youthful Yale graduate who comes here with her significant other who is a picture taker. She feels took off alone by her accomplice who invests the vast majority of his energy working, which makes her uncertain of her marriage and life. The two inevitably meet and together investigate the distinctions in American and Japanese societies. In the start of the film, characters are depicted much of the time, which clarify that they are encountering side effects of culture stun. We see Bob Harris having issues with comprehension and changing in accordance with the newly discovered conditions since his appearance in Tokyo, for example at the point when he is welcomed by pretty much every individual from the inn staff in which he stays and gets endowments and name cards from Japanese individuals. It is effectively perceptible that he isn't utilized to this sort of conduct, where as in the Japanese culture it checks high regard and appreciation to offer one’s business or visiting card on their first presentations. It is additionally shown that he is an outsider in this culture in one of the main scenes of the film where in a lift he is encircled by locals essentially shorter than him. One reason why newcomers feel awkward in the host culture is the restricted capacity to convey or finish absence of fitness in communicating in an alternate language. Characters, particularly Bob, have issues with imparting ordinarily. One of the fascinating and amusing scenes was the first run through during the shooting of the promotion: The Director (with blue contact focal points) says a couple of long sentences in Japanese. Interpreter, a moderately aged lady in a planned outfit, deciphers however it is just a short sentence now. Interpreter He needs you to turn, look in camera and state the lines. Bounce thinks about what shes forgetting about, or if that is the manner in which it works from Japanese to English. Weave: Thats all he said? Interpreter: Yes, go to camera. Weave thinks lets simply get it over with. Weave: Turn left or right? The Translator blotchs her face with a tissue, and asks the executive in a Japanese sentence multiple times as long. The Director answers her in a since quite a while ago energized state. Interpreter: Right side, and with power. Sway: Is that everything? It appeared as though he was stating much more. The energized Director says more in Japanese. Interpreter gestures in comprehension. Bounce doesnt truly know whats going on. Interpreter: Like an old companion, and into the camera. Executive (to Bob): Suntory Time! Here, Bob knows about the translator’s inadequacy and realizes that the executive said and approached him for much more. Be that as it may, his phonetic ineptitude doesn't permit him to completely associate and participate in the trading of thoughts. He is helpless before an interpreter not ready to appropriately communicate in English. Another factor which adds to encountering society stun is being not able to discover the way or utilize open vehicle. In one of the scenes we can see Charlotte having those issues while remaining before the Tokyo metro plan and gazing at it with disarray. She appears to feel lost in the tremendous group yet she needs to manage only it since she has no companions with her and doesn't have a clue about the language. The sentiment of forlornness is appeared in the film in various scenes. It is most plainly noticeable when the characters are depicted glancing through the windows, giving the impression of being pitiful and missing. In the lodging, on the secondary lounge of a taxi they are in every case alone, isolated from the bustling city by glass. Their look might be known as the distant gaze or the tropical gaze, which is an indication of a genuine culture stun. Another issue which doesn't make working in an alternate culture simple is food, which is all the time new. In a scene from the film, Bob and Charlotte go for lunch. In the eatery the server brings them drinks. She pours brew gradually, and turns on a pot on the table to prepare their food. Charlotte takes a gander at the menu as it is loaded up with photographs of various plate of meat. The server doesnt communicate in English. CHARLOTTE: I cannot differentiate? They experience difficulty requesting, yet point to an image on the menu. Sway: Well have two of these. (He is compelled to pick something haphazardly) Apart from the failure to recognize various dishes they likewise can't discuss verbally with the server. None of them can communicate in Japanese and the eateries worker doesn't have the foggiest idea about any English. In the last scenes of the film, it is seen that Bob is experiencing a specific phase of social stun i.e.; modification and appreciation. He got himself a companion, and appeared to like and value his host culture. Back in the Presidential, alone, Bob inclines toward the little doily. They drive off. He peers out the window, Bobs cheerful hes returning home, he’s glad he came to Tokyo. Since he was upbeat he came to Tokyo I expect that later he had a few troubles modifying back to his own way of life. By and by this film helped me to gain proficiency with a couple of cutting edge Japanese societies. Additionally it delineates that regardless of which nation you decide to go, it’s in every case better to learn in any event the fundamentals of its language.

Philippine Traditions The Greatest Heritage Free Essays

The Philippines has huge practices, customs, and societies. They existed a hundred years prior or might be thousands however they are as yet polished up to now. It resembles an inheritance which is given from age to age. We will compose a custom exposition test on Philippine Traditions: The Greatest Heritage or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now For the most part, it is the old people who relate these customs again and again. On my Grandma’s internment, her esteemed belongings are likewise covered in her grave. I asked my Mama for what reason they need to do that and she essentially replied, â€Å"So that she can carry it with her as she leaves us†. All things considered, we as a whole realize that a dead individual can't do that. In all actuality, those things will just rot in there however to the Filipinos, it has an extraordinary essentialness and we can never scrutinize that. Another Filipino legacy which is exceptionally esteemed in wedding custom is the â€Å"Pamamanhikan†. It is the place the future husband to be with his folks goes to the place of the eventual lady to look for the gift of her folks. It is additionally in this moment that the two gatherings officially set designs for the forthcoming wedding. This represents respect and regard to the guardians of the couples. There are additionally sure Filipino propensities that outsiders discover them overpowering. For instance, when a guest comes in, the family serves each delicacy and each mouth-watering Filipino food that they can to satisfy the guest. He’ll be taken care of the most agreeable room accessible and every one of his needs are presented with charm and a comforting grin. No big surprise, Filipinos are known for their accommodation. Instructions to refer to Philippine Traditions: The Greatest Heritage, Papers

Creating atmosphere

Making a climate of resistance, acknowledgment and caring requires a predictable exertion to comprehend the understudies who originate from various societies. It is critical to treat their social and phonetic foundations as legitimate and equivalent to our own experience. Regarding their societies as significant and decent makes a climate of shared trust and coordinated effort among the understudies. The more extensive comprehension ought to reflect in each part of the scholastic organization. Building multicultural study hall is a continuous procedure and it requires steady venture of time, cash and effort.The decent variety of understudies in the present homerooms underscores the significance of creating educational programs, showing systems, and strategies to enable all understudies to prevail in school. (Ingram, 2000) The decent variety of understudies in the study hall calls for making an air of mindful, understanding, and tolerating different societies. Regarding the way of lif e as substantial, equivalent and significant is essential in making a climate that fills trust in both the instructor and the taught.Creating such an environment becomes incomprehensible except if the specialists who run the foundation have faith in the way of thinking of getting, acknowledgment and regard for different societies. The way toward making an air of resistance and acknowledgment starts with the very statement of purpose of the organization. The issues and needs of multi-social study hall ought to be investigated and comprehended and the gaining from the equivalent ought to reflect in the move plan.The examination should make into account the issues and difficulties of the employees, the feelings of trepidation and questions of the understudies and the various parts of organization of the school the board. At the point when each office in the foundation follows a similar activity plan and reasoning and show a similar soul it gets simpler for the understudies to soak up t he equivalent. Particularly in the study hall where individuals from five diverse ethnic gatherings are available, the topic of making an air of resistance, acknowledgment and caring accomplishes more prominent significance.The study hall which has understudies from India, China, Kenya, Arabia, and Europeans alongside the local understudies, it is generally basic to encourage a climate of certainty and opportunity for the understudies to have a solid scholarly development. The acknowledgment and acknowledgment of understudies from all foundations and culture is basic to the idea of multi-social training. Multicultural training is a change development whose significant objective is to change the structure of instructive organizations so all understudies have an equivalent opportunity to accomplish scholastically in school.(Mungai, 2008) The decent variety of understudies in the study hall makes it additionally trying for the staff and the organization to make an air of acknowledgment , resistance, and trust. For the understudies the homeroom not just opens up another of universe of learning encounters yet in addition challenges them in understanding, inviting and tolerating new societies of different understudies. The job of the educator in that multi-social study hall procures more prominent importance as he is tested with the twofold errand of showing the subject and making an air of care and understanding.Teachers grasping multiculturalism will offer for a portion of their understudies the main potential for success to have in the focal point of life’s stage. They will show that the vote based goals on which this nation was established apply to their school life and to their own lives. (Josephine Scott, 2001) Teachers feel it an overwhelming assignment to manage the understudies adequately in a multi social study hall. Monitoring their shortcomings and disadvantages in managing a wide range of understudies is useful in conquering those challenges.When managing understudies it isn't strange for certain educators to feel great with certain understudies and awkward with certain different understudies. Normally it will leave various impacts on the understudies and it might likewise impact in offering evaluations to the understudies. Consequently, assessment of encouraging practices and homeroom conduct and considering similar assumes a pivotal job in changing the methodology of the instructors. Welcoming different instructors and taking input from understudies and companions will go far in conquering a large number of the problems.Making the substance of the exercises multi social in subjects, however it is unimaginable in all the subjects, will open the understudies to various societies. Teacher’s self evaluation about his degree of cognizance and consciousness of different races, religion and societies encourages him a ton in arranging the homeroom action adequately. Discussing the pivotal job of instructors in making a mult icultural homeroom, Betty Wilson features the significance of educators learning of new cultures.She says: I believe it's significant for instructors to know their own societies well overall and study their own societies, since then they start to turn out to be increasingly intelligent audience members. They take a gander at others' societies from an alternate perspective, and they start to see the likenesses and contrasts in their societies. It turns into an excursion in a homeroom of learning, in light of the fact that by the instructor sharing their own way of life, at that point the understudies are increasingly open to that. (Wilson, 2000)As Betty Wilson, the chief of multicultural instruction at Oak Park School, properly calls attention to learning different societies will be an advancing encounter This requests not just learning new things and developing new propensities yet in addition unlearning old propensities and convictions. An asset community wealthy in answers for the instructors unravels a considerable lot of the issues of the educator of multi-social study hall. Sharing the encounters of other employees over the college or different establishments will be gigantically valuable for comprehending huge numbers of the issues in the everyday exercises in the class room.Creating open doors for knowing different societies about their history and current circumstance and issues ought to be made a piece of scholarly educational plans. Anticipating grounds or off grounds occasions instructors and their associate will have a superior comprehension of the necessities of youngsters who are individuals from various societies. A multi-social festival day is a brilliant thought for all the understudies who originate from various societies to communicate uninhibitedly and to perceive and comprehend the significance of other cultures.Setting up a release board that gives equivalent significance to all the five unique societies without offending of others is si gnificant advance in declaring the multi-social celebration. The board gives abundant space to displaying the significant or delegate images all the way of life that are available in the homeroom. Doling out the work to the understudies to make their own banner communicating their social qualities and images supports all the understudies and includes each understudy in the work. Checking their work with no impedance in their imaginative articulation is a fragile assignment and it ought to be managed very sensitively.Giving clear guidelines ahead of time will fathom numerous fragile issues. For instance, educating the understudies obviously the spot of their banner on the announcement board following a target technique like the sequential request maintains a strategic distance from scope for strife. Truth be told, to make multicultural study hall is a ceaseless procedure. It doesn't end with a multicultural celebration. It requires cautious arranging and fastidious execution over som e stretch of time to set up firmly a base for multicultural homeroom condition. It won't occur in a day or a semester.It is a requesting work for long lasting including learning and unlearning. Making a solid multicultural homeroom isn't only crafted by the class instructor as it were. It needs dynamic support of each educating and non showing staff individual from the organization. The help and initiative of the specialists who run the organization and the cooperation of the considerable number of offices are the establishment on which the structure of a multicultural homeroom can be manufactured. Obviously, the procedure will undoubtedly have certain infrequent disappointments and misfortunes yet the procedure ought to be a continuous one.It requires a great deal of assurance, time, exertion and cash and the venture of all these merit constructing a multicultural world for an upbeat and solid conjunction. It requires a drawn out speculation, an interest in our own development and change just as in our understudies and in the college and society of which they and we will keep on being a section. (Imprint Chesler, 2003) References Chesler Mark (2003) Teaching Well in the Diverse/Multicultural Classroom http://www. aahea. organization/announcements/articles/human science. htm Ingram Arlette Willis (2000) Addressing Literacy Needs in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms.http://www. ncrel. organization/sdrs/regions/issues/content/cntareas/perusing/li400. htm Mungai Anne,(2008) Help! I Am Not Prepared for A Diverse Classroom http://www. cluteinstitute-onlinejournals. com/Programs/Puerto_Rico_2008/Article%20123%20Mungai. pdf Scott Josephine (2001). Meeting the Diverse Needs of All Students http://www. eduplace. com/science/profdev/articles/scott. html Wilson Bette (2000) An Interview at North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. http://www. ncrel. organization/sdrs/regions/issues/content/cntareas/perusing/wilson1trns. htm A Sample Bulletin Board to be made

A Critical examination of leaders create organizational culture

A Critical assessment of pioneers make authoritative culture Presentation In region of Management and authority, one of the most critical and successful variables that decide the presentation and position of an association in open segment is the hierarchical culture. Authoritative culture has been read broadly for as long as at least 30 years (Schein E. H., 1985). Bunches of books have been composed and much research has been done about it, and furthermore wide scope of words applied to portray this idea. Albeit entirely different definitions have been introduced on this catchphrase, the vast majority of them place their accentuation on regular key viewpoints. Three complete definitions have been assembled in table underneath: Meanings of hierarchical culture The example of shared convictions and qualities that give individuals from an establishment meaning and give them the principles for conduct in their associations. (Davis, 1984, p. 1). The arrangement of significant understandings (frequently implicit) that individuals from a network share in like manner. (Sathe, 1985, p. 6) A lot of understandings or implications shared by a gathering of individuals. The implications are to a great extent implicit among the individuals, are plainly applicable to a specific gathering and are unmistakable to the gathering (Louis, 1985, p. 74) As indicated by these definitions, two highlights of hierarchical culture appear to be bolder; first shared implications and qualities among association individuals and second presenting clear standards and practices in association. Albeit, some contends that culture can't be overseen (Rabin, T Wachhaus. A, 2008, p. 1) , a connection among's way of life and administration has been recognized (Frontiera, 2010). Schein declared this reality in his acclaimed book-Organizational culture and initiative (2004): Culture is a unique wonder that encompasses us consistently, being continually ordered and made by our responses with others and formed by administration conduct. In this way, considerations have been paid to culture planning to oversee and improve it so as to accomplish characterized objectives. Pioneers as people who have urgent job in improving execution thought that it was essential in hierarchical talk. Schein presented the shared connection and impact among administration and culture by the term interlaced (1992) .While culture can be influenced by different variables, Senge brought up that pioneers have the most effect on authoritative culture (2002, p. 24) : Building an associations culture and molding its advancement is the one of a kind and basic capacity of administration In this paper the attention is because of authority on authoritative culture to look at to what degree the view that pioneers make hierarchical culture is valid. The methodology that has been applied in this paper is considering the ways and channels through which pioneer makes and influences the way of life of association. Four significant states have been concentrated around there; model pioneer, planner pioneer, administering pioneer, and execution evolving. Additionally, different variables that make culture have been contemplated and the impact of culture on administration has been investigated. The end shows the circuitous job of pioneer in making society with the exception of through getting model. Moreover, different elements have unequivocal job in forming society. Prior to the beginning of this examination, freeing the idea from administration is required. What is administration? Who is a pioneer? The idea of authority has been characterized in different manners. Some expressed it as a procedure, for example Northouse accept that it is a procedure whereby an individual impacts a gathering of people to accomplish a shared objective (2007, p. 3). Likewise, Stogdill dissected it as affecting the exercises of a sorted out gathering in its endeavors toward objective defining and objective accomplishment (1974). By these two kinds of definitions, pioneer can be known as an individual who decides, sets headings, gets things going and regularly He is unmistakable at the highest point of association. Pioneer completes this procedure by applying their administration information and abilities. (Jago, 1982) Henceforth pioneer is set at top of association and explains techniques and headings, effectsly affects the way of life of associations. In following next parts a few different ways by which pioneer influences culture have been inspected. Pioneer; as a model In an association the administration and the practices of pioneer become a perfect example for supporters, and a surge of authoritative deportment would spill out of top (pioneer) to down (adherents). This case frequently occurs in transformational kind of authority in which pioneer has charming highlights (Harms, p Crede, M, 2010). Bass and Avolio depicted transformational pioneer as ready to inspire others to accomplish more than they initially expected and frequently more than they suspected conceivable (1993). As the hierarchical culture is made of practices and habits, magnetic pioneer develops a specific technique for comportment in atmosphere. Culture of an association comprises of various regions; seriousness, social obligation, development, dependability, execution direction, and strength. Along these lines, the way of pioneer influences each territory of authoritative culture and this top-down impact can prompt certifiable or mortal results in execution (Sarros, J. Dark, J and Densten, I, 2002). By method of delineation, this can be concentrated in domain of Innovation and change; Fishman and Kavanaugh guaranteed that the way of life of an association and how individuals react to change and development is formed generously by the practices of the pioneer (1989). Smith uncovered that pioneers practices can be trailed by representatives (2010); Pioneers are the good examples and when they walk the discussion sufficiently long, reasonably soon these qualities become standard strategy. Pioneers are loaned essential and unequivocal situation by which they impact the way of life of association through driving inspiration, participation and mentality of devotees in authoritative activity. This can be found in Amabile recommendation (1998): By impacting the idea of the workplace and authoritative culture, pioneers can influence hierarchical individuals mentality to business related change and inspiration. Schein expected culture starts from pioneers who force their own qualities and suppositions on a gathering (2004, p. 2). Pioneer as a ruler Pioneers externalize their own suppositions and implant them into structures, strategic, and working systems steadily and reliably (Schein E. H., 2004, p. 406). In one hand, a pioneer settle on choices and decide rules, and in the other hand hierarchical culture is depicted as a lot of structures, schedules, decides and standards that direct the oblige conduct (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004). Along these lines, authority controls authoritative culture through decision in association. Dull mirrored this reality in the other manner (2010): Open area pioneers endeavor to develop hierarchical culture as a methods for controlling managerial conduct and building authoritative fitness, characterized as the aptitude and ability to achieve important errands Here the way of life depicted as a device for improving methods to encourage accomplishing objective. This case can be analyzed when pioneer feels secure with a needful development in association. For advancing change, next to different necessities, pioneer needs to give a firm ground to actualizing advancement; this ground is formal methods and activities. As Armenakis et al. guaranteed pioneers can change formal structures, systems, and human asset the board rehearses (1999). In this way, pioneer starts change and explains direction of association; he shows up to adjust continues for arriving at closes. Truly, changing strategies deciphered as evolving society. Pioneer as planner Stewart announced that the procedure of an association gives it character dependent on its capacities, Also it explains what an association is and what it is doing (2004). Technique structures culture of through featuring assignments, bearings, positions and practices . The change the executives methodology or approach chose by pioneers will bring about movements in hierarchical culture. (Kavanagh, H Ashkanasy, N, 2006) By understanding the significance of technique and its connection with culture, pioneer enters this connection and impact culture in two different ways; first remaining among methodology and culture, second utilize the system as an apparatus for adjusting society. Fernandez and Rainey deciphered methodology as a game-plan for actualizing changes (2006). In spite of methodology assumes a significant job in association, this is the job of pioneer to make an interpretation of it into a course of activities. Goldsmith discloses to (CEO) how pioneers are expected to convey and execute an association s procedure. (2009) At the point when pioneers and their official groups play a functioning job in executing methodologies, this is a promise to guarantee the thoughts or systems become some portion of the association. Quick pioneers understand that for procedures to be effectively coordinated into their associations, they should adjust, measure, market and bundle the technique to their business, clients and venture network as they would with any showcasing effort. While technique presents course of an association, it is simply on the paper. The best-arranged technique is close to unrealistic reasoning in the event that it can't be made an interpretation of from idea to the real world (Hsieh, T and Yik, S, 2005) .Here it is pioneer who deciphers it from language of paper to a course of activities. Speculand has considered the definitive job of administration and set his unique accentuation on pioneers in progress and disappointment of actualizing procedures (2009). In this way, pioneer as a middle deciphers system into association methodology, job, and conviction. This activity frames the way of life; around there culture is set of practices and systems that are characterized by methodology. In this procedure chief infuses technique into the group of association. Truly, pioneer makes methodology practical, and simultaneously frames culture. Be that as it may, it is no

7 of the Best-Known Theories of Child Development

7 of the Best-Known Theories of Child Development January 04, 2020 Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget's Theory Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Support and Criticism Verywell / JR Bee In This Article Table of Contents Expand Background Psychosexual Development Psychosocial Development Behavioral Child Development Cognitive Development Attachment Theory Social Learning Theory Sociocultural Theory Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. Such theories center on various aspects of development including social, emotional, and cognitive growth. The study of human development is a rich and varied subject. We all have personal experience with development, but it is sometimes difficult to understand how and why people grow, learn, and act as they do. Why do children behave in certain ways? Is their behavior related to their age, family relationships, or individual temperaments? Developmental psychologists strive to answer such questions as well as to understand, explain, and predict behaviors that occur throughout the lifespan. In order to understand human development, a number of different theories of child development have arisen to explain various aspects of human growth. The Background of Child Development Theories Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth and learning. But why do we study development? What can we learn from psychological theories of development? If you have ever wondered about what motivates human thought and behavior, understanding these theories can provide useful insight into individuals and society. How Our Understanding of Child Development Has Changed Over the Years Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of human history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occur during childhood and adolescence. Interest in the field of child development finally began to emerge early in the 20th century, but it tended to focus on abnormal behavior. Eventually, researchers became increasingly interested in other topics including typical child development as well as the influences on development. How Studying Child Development Allows Us to Understand Changes That Take Place Why is it important to study how children grow, learn and change? An understanding of child development is essential because it allows us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach. Others are known as mini-theories; they instead focus only on a fairly limited aspect of development such as cognitive or social growth. Major Child Development Theories The following are just a few of the many child development theories that have been proposed by theorists and researchers. More recent theories outline the developmental stages of children and identify the typical ages at which these growth  milestones  occur.?? Freuds Psychosexual Developmental Theory Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of  Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness, Freud came to believe that childhood experiences and  unconscious  desires influenced behavior. According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior. Freud  proposed one of the best-known grand theories of child development. According to  Freud’s psychosexual theory, child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body. During each stage, the child encounters conflicts that play a significant role in the course of development. His theory suggested that the energy of the libido was focused on different erogenous zones at specific stages. Failure to progress through a stage can result in fixation at that point in development, which Freud believed could have an influence on adult behavior. So what happens as children complete each stage? And what might result if a child does poorly during a particular point in development? Successfully completing each stage leads to the development of a healthy adult personality. Failing to resolve the conflicts of a particular stage can result in fixations that can then have an influence on adult behavior. While some other child development theories suggest that personality continues to change and grow over the entire lifetime, Freud believed that it was early experiences that played the greatest role in shaping development. According to Freud, personality is largely set in stone by the age of five. Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development Eriksons Psychosocial Developmental Theory Psychoanalytic theory was an enormously influential force during the first half of the twentieth century. Those inspired and influenced by Freud went on to expand upon Freuds ideas and develop theories of their own. Of these neo-Freudians, Erik Eriksons ideas have become perhaps the best known. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth and change throughout life, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development. While  Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development  shared some similarities with Freuds, it is dramatically different in many ways. Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erikson believed that social interaction and experience played decisive roles. His eight-stage theory of human development described this process from infancy through death. During each stage, people are faced with a developmental conflict that impacts later functioning and further growth. Unlike many other developmental theories, Erik Eriksons  psychosocial theory  focuses on development across the entire lifespan. At each stage, children and adults face a developmental crisis that serves as a major turning point. Successfully managing the challenges of each stage leads to the emergence of a lifelong psychological virtue. Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development Behavioral Child Development Theories During the first half of the twentieth century, a new school of thought known as behaviorism rose to become a dominant force within psychology. Behaviorists believed that psychology needed to focus only on observable and quantifiable behaviors in order to become a more scientific discipline. According to the behavioral perspective, all human behavior can be described in terms of environmental influences. Some behaviorists, such as  John B. Watson  and  B.F. Skinner, insisted that learning occurs purely through processes of association and reinforcement. Behavioral theories of child development focus on how environmental interaction influences behavior and is based on the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli, and reinforcement. This theory differs considerably from other child development theories because it gives no consideration to internal thoughts or feelings. Instead, it focuses purely on how experience shapes who we are. Two important types of learning that emerged from this approach to development are  classical conditioning  and  operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning by pairing a naturally occurring stimulus with a previously neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning utilizes reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors. Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a persons thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world.  Piaget proposed an idea that seems obvious now, but helped revolutionize how we think about child development:  Children think differently than adults.?? Theorist  Jean Piaget  proposed one of the most influential  theories of cognitive development. His cognitive theory seeks to describe and explain the development of thought processes and mental states. It also looks at how these thought processes influence the way we understand and interact with the world. Piaget then proposed a theory of cognitive development to account for the steps and sequence of childrens intellectual development. The Sensorimotor Stage:  A period of time between birth and age two during which an infants knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli.The Preoperational Stage:  A period between ages 2 and 6 during which a child learns to use language. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information and are unable to take the point of view of other people.The Concrete Operational Stage:  A period between ages 7 and 11 during which children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.The Formal Operational Stage:  A period between age 12 to adulthood when people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also em erge during this stage. Piagets Four Stages of Development Bowlbys Attachment Theory There is a great deal of research on the social development of children.  John Bowbly  proposed one of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life.?? Bowlbys attachment theory suggested that children are born with an innate need to form attachments. Such attachments aid in survival by ensuring that the child receives care and protection. Not only that, but these attachments are characterized by clear behavioral and motivational patterns. In other words, both children and caregivers engage in behaviors designed to ensure proximity. Children strive to stay close and connected to their caregivers who in turn provide a safe haven and a secure base for exploration. Researchers have also expanded upon Bowlbys original work and have suggested that a number of different attachment styles exist. Children who receive consistent support and care are more likely to develop a secure attachment style, while those who receive less reliable care may develop an ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized style. Attachment Theory Banduras Social Learning Theory Social learning theory  is based on the work of psychologist  Albert Bandura. Bandura believed that the conditioning and reinforcement process could not sufficiently explain all of human learning. For example, how can the conditioning process account for learned behaviors that have not been reinforced through classical conditioning or operant conditioning? According to social learning theory, behaviors can also be learned through observation and modeling. By observing the actions of others, including parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire new information. Banduras child development theory suggests that observation plays a critical role in learning, but this observation does not necessarily need to take the form of watching a live model.?? Instead, people can also learn by listening to verbal instructions about how to perform a behavior as well as through observing either real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books or films. Social Learning Theory Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory Another psychologist named  Lev Vygotsky  proposed a seminal learning theory that has gone on to become very influential, especially in the field of education. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children learn actively and through hands-on experiences.?? His  sociocultural theory  also suggested that parents, caregivers, peers and the culture at large were responsible for developing higher-order functions. In Vygotskys view, learning is an inherently social process. Through interacting with others, learning becomes integrated into an individuals understanding of the world. This child development theory also introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development, which is the gap between what a person can do with help and what they can do on their own. It is with the help of more knowledgeable others that people are able to progressively learn and increase their skills and scope of understanding. Sociocultural Theory A Word From Verywell As you can see, some of psychologys best-known thinkers have developed theories to help explore and explain different aspects of child development. While not all of these theories are fully accepted today, they all had an important influence on our understanding of child development. Today, contemporary psychologists often draw on a variety of theories and perspectives in order to understand how kids grow, behave, and think. These theories represent just a few of the different ways of thinking about child development. In reality, fully understanding how children change and grow over the course of childhood requires looking at many different factors that influence physical and psychological growth. Genes, the environment, and the interactions between these two forces determine how kids grow physically as well as mentally.